Some folks on the internet were interested in how I had managed to ditch Docker for local development. This is a slightly overdue write up on how I typically do things now with Nix, Overmind and Just.
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You can have my Docker development environment when you pry it from my cold dead hands!
And keep it that way! We need people on both sides to further spur progress. Plus I’m jealous cause I still don’t have a firm grasp on docker.
Fair!
Python, and its need for virtual environments, is what really drove me to master Docker.
I use Kubernetes at work and a simpler docker-compose driven setup at home. I find that it’s a tidier way to build infra, but it does have its limits. Abstracting from bare-metal has its ups and downs, but I find the positives outweigh the negatives.
I wish he had written why he’s so anti-container/docker. That’s a pretty unusual stance I haven’t been exposed to yet.
Hi!
First I’d like to clarify that I’m not “anti-container/Docker”. 😅
There is a lot of discussion on this article (with my comments!) going on over at Tildes. I don’t wanna copy-paste everything from there, but I’ll share the first main response I gave to someone who had very similar feedback to kick-start some discussion on those points here as well:
Some high level points on the “why”:
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Reproducibility: Docker builds are not reproducible, and especially in a company with more than a handful of developers, it’s nice not to have to worry about a
docker buildcommand in the on-boarding docs failing inexplicably (from the POV of the regular joe developer) from one day to the next -
Cost: Docker licenses for most companies now cost $9/user/month (minimum of 5 seats required) - this is very steep for something that doesn’t guarantee reproducibility and has poor performance to boot (see below)
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Performance: Docker performance on macOS (and Windows), especially storage mount performance remains poor; this is even more acutely felt when working with languages like Node where the dependencies are file-count heavy. Sure, you could just issue everyone Linux laptops, but these days hiring is hard enough without shooting yourself in the foot by not providing a recent MBP to new devs by default
I think it’s also worth drawing a line between containers as a local development tool and containers as a deployment artifact, as the above points don’t really apply to the latter.
If your dev documentation includes your devs running
docker build, you’re doing docker wrong.The whole point is that you can build a working container image and then ship it to a registry (including private registries) so that your other developers/users/etc don’t have to build them and can just run the existing image.
Then for development, you simply use a bind mount to ensure your local copy of the code is available in the container instead of the copy the container was built with.
That doesn’t solve the performance issues on Windows and Mac, but it does prevent the “my environment is broke” issues that docker is designed to solve
The whole point is that you can build a working container image and then ship it to a registry (including private registries) so that your other developers/users/etc don’t have to build them and can just run the existing image.
Agreed, we still do this in the areas where we use Docker at day job.
I think the mileage with this approach can vary depending on the languages in use and the velocity of feature iteration (ie. if the company is still tweaking product-market fit, pivoting to a new vertical, etc.).
I’ve lost count of the number of times where a team decides they need to
npm installsomething with a heavynode-gypstep to build native modules which require yet another obscure system dependency that is not in the base layer. 😅
Cost: Docker licenses for most companies now cost $9/user/month
Are you talking about Docker Desktop and/or Docker Hub? Because plain old docker is free and open source, unless I missed something bug. Personally I’ve never had much use for Docker Desktop and I use GitLab so I have no reason to use Docker Hub.
I believe this is the Docker Desktop license pricing.
On an individual scale and even some smaller startup scales, things are a little bit different (you qualify for the free tier, everyone you work with is able to debug off-the-beaten-path Docker errors, knowledge about fixes is quick and easy to disseminate, etc.), but the context of this article and the thread on Mastodon that spawned it was a “unicorn” company with an engineering org comprised of hundreds of developers.
My point is that Docker Desktop is entirely optional. On Linux you can run Docker Engine natively, on Windows you can run it in WSL, and on macOS you can run it in a VM with Docker Engine, or via something like hyperkit and minikube. And Docker Engine (and the CLI) is FOSS.
I understood your point, and while there are situations where it can be optional, in a context and scale of hundreds of developers, who mostly don’t have any real
dockerknowledge, and who work almost exclusively on macOS, let alone enough to set up and maintain alternatives to Docker Desktop, the only practical option becomes to pay the licensing fees to enable the path of least resistance.We are over 1000 developers and use
docker cejust fine. We use a self hosted repository for our images. IT is configuring new computers to use this internal docker repository by default. So new employees don’t even have to know about it to do their firstdocker build.We all use Linux on our workstations and laptops. That might make it easier.
We all use Linux on our workstations and laptops. That might make it easier.
You are living my dream!
I think this is the key piece; the experience of Docker on Linux (including WSL if it’s not hooking into Docker Desktop on Windows) and on macOS is just so wildly difference when it comes to performance, reliability and stability.
Op comes off a bit, uninformed. E.g. I use docker engine and docker compose inside WSL2 on windows and performance is fine, then I use Intellij to manage images/containers, the service tab handles the basics. If I need to do anything very involved I use the cli.
Docker is fine, the docker desktop panic really only revealed who never took the time to learn how to use docker and what the alternative UIs are.
Docker builds are not reproducible
What makes you say that?
My team relies on Docker because it is reproducible…
You might be interested in this article that compares nix and docker. It explains why docker builds are not considered reproducible:
For example, a Dockerfile will run something like apt-get-update as one of the first steps. Resources are accessible over the network at build time, and these resources can change between docker build commands. There is no notion of immutability when it comes to source.
and why nix builds are reproducible a lot of the time:
Builds can be fully reproducible. Resources are only available over the network if a checksum is provided to identify what the resource is. All of a package’s build time dependencies can be captured through a Nix expression, so the same steps and inputs (down to libc, gcc, etc.) can be repeated.
Containerization has other advantages though (security) and you can actually use nix’s reproducible builds in combination with (docker) containers.
That seems like an argument for maintaining a frozen repo of packages, not against containers. You can only have a truly fully-reproducible build environment if you setup your toolchain to keep copies of every piece of external software so that you can do hermetic builds.
I think this is a misguided way to workaround proper toolchain setup. Nix is pretty cool though.
That seems like an argument for maintaining a frozen repo of packages, not against containers.
I am not arguing against containers, I am arguing that nix is more reproducible. Containers can be used with nix and are useful in other ways.
an argument for maintaining a frozen repo of packages
This is essentially what nix does. In addition it verifies that the packages are identical to the packages specified in your flake.nix file.
You can only have a truly fully-reproducible build environment if you setup your toolchain to keep copies of every piece of external software so that you can do hermetic builds.
This is essentially what Nix does, except Nix verifies the external software is the same with checksums. It also does hermetic builds.
Nix is indeed cool. I just see it as less practical than maintaining a toolchain for devs to use. Seems like reinventing the wheel, instead of airing-up the tires. I could well be absolutely wrong there - my experience is mainly enterprise software and not every process or tool there is used because it is the best one.
@nickwitha_k @uthredii I’d like to think a better analogy would be that nix is like using a 3D model of a wheel instead of a compass and a straightedge to make wheels hehe 🙃
I just see it as less practical than maintaining a toolchain for devs to use.
There are definately some things preventing Nix adoption. What are the reasons you see it as less practical than the alternatives?
What are alternative ways of maintaining a toolchain that achieves the same thing?
I’ll certainly give this a read!
Are you saying that nix will cache all the dependencies within itself/its “container,” or whatever its container replacement would be called?
Are you saying that nix will cache all the dependencies within itself/its “container,” or whatever its container replacement would be called?
Yep, sort of.
It saves each version of your dependencies to the /nix/store folder with a checksum prefixing the program name. For example you might have the following Firefox programs
/nix/store/l7ih0zcw2csi880kfcq37lnl295r44pj-firefox-100.0.2 /nix/store/cm1bdi4hp8g8ic5jxqjhzmm7gl3a6c46-firefox-108.0.1 /nix/store/rfr0n62z21ymi0ljj04qw2d7fgy2ckrq-firefox-114.0.1Because of this you can largely avoid dependency conflicts. For example a program A could depend on
/nix/store/cm1bdi4hp8g8ic5jxqjhzmm7gl3a6c46-firefox-108.0.1and a program B could depend on/nix/store/rfr0n62z21ymi0ljj04qw2d7fgy2ckrq-firefox-114.0.1and both programs would work as both have dependencies satisfied. AFAIK using other build systems you would have to break program A or program B (or find versions of program A and program B where both dependencies are satisfied).
Highly recommended viewing if you’d like to learn more about the limits of reproducibility in the Docker ecosystem.
Here is an alternative Piped link(s): https://piped.video/watch?v=pfIDYQ36X0k
Piped is a privacy-respecting open-source alternative frontend to YouTube.
I’m open-source, check me out at GitHub.
I’m going to give it a watch. Thanks for sharing!
Appreciate the in-depth response! I’ve always been interested in Nix but I’m scared of change lol. And I’m a single systems administrator on a team of mostly non-technicals so large changes like that are … less necessary. Plus you know, mostly dealing with enterprise software on windows unfortunately. One of these days.
For this reason, we’re slowly integrating WSL2 usage onto the dev windows machines. I’m not saying that this refutes your last point, but it’s another thing to consider. This has, however, resulted in me learning to architect pretty gonzo level bash scripts when I’m accustomed to… more formal development. Lol.
NixOS on WSL2 is actually my development environment of choice these days! (With my tiling window manager komorebi, of course! 😀)
Yep. That’s my personal open source project setup. I love nixos. It’s everything I like about dockerfile and a daily driver all rolled into one.
Tall ask for the workplace with a bunch of windows only folks, though, unfortunately.
Edit: I just realized you said nixos on WSL2. My bad. That’s freaking awesome, and that window manager is slick. Nice digs.
I have to have to parity with our deployments in DevOps, where debian is preferred. It’s not the worst. But I think I’m going to make a separate distro for my own personal Linux work, like you did.
I had to use Windows since I do research and development on our development team architecture. Gotta have parity there too. But that doesn’t mean I can’t cheat a bit like you, lol.
I’ve been looking for a tiling vm for windows but haven’t come across komorebi, thanks for mentioning it!
Docker performance on macOS (and Windows), especially storage mount performance remains poor
I remember when I first got a work Macbook and was confused why I had to install some ‘Docker Desktop’ crap.
I also learnt how much Docker images care about the silicon they’re built on… Fucking M1 chip can be a pain…
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Docker is like, my favorite utility tool, for both deployment AND development (my replacement for Python virtual environments). I wanted to hear more of why I shouldn’t use it also.
Right? If it’s about ease of insight into containers for debugging and troubleshooting, I can kinda see that. Although I’m so used to working with containers it isn’t a barrier really to me anymore.
yup. it’s a breeze especially for interpreted langs. mount the source code, expose the ports and voila. need a db?
services: pg: image: postgres
@astral_avocado @LGUG2Z That definitely would’ve been helpful for readers new to the Nix scene, but I don’t think that’s the purpose of this article. It’s written as more of an example of a way to move to Nix, rather than an opinion piece on why you should move away from Docker.
I won’t try to argue why you should switch. However, I would recommend you look into the subject more, Docker is a great tool, but Nix is on a diffeeent level 🙃
I’m anti everything that requires daily use of arcane command line bullshit. I thought we were on the way to being over that when Windows 3.1 came out.
If it needs to be done more than once, make it a button on a little program. I’ve rolled my own for any of them that can be triggered from the windows command line. But Docker and others that require their own unique command line I can’t do that. I wouldn’t be as annoyed by Docker if Docker Desktop just did all the crap it should instead of requiring command line bullshit every damn day.
I mean… all those buttons are essentially just calling a command line in the end. And coding that button takes more work so command line is always going to be more likely to be your only option. If you find commands arcane then that’s probably an argument that the help docs should be clearer or the commands themselves should be clearer.
Making a little program that opens a window with some buttons to pin to my taskbar is infinitely easier than digging out docs and copy pasting into a command line every time I need to do anything. Paste the command once, done. It’s like 10 lines of code, plus about 3-4 for each command I add. Maybe drag the window a bit bigger when I add the button.
We were talking about software development and deployment in this thread, not necessarily how easy your desktop GUI is to use.
No shit. I’m saying the tools I had to make myself should come standard instead of wasting dev time on command line bullshit.
Kind of cool if your production infrastructure can match. But for most companies (ie, Fortune 500 and some medium companies) implementing this would need a force majeure.
Decades of software rot, change in management, change in architecture, waxing and waning of software and hardware trends, half assed implementations, and good ole bottom tier software consultation/contractors brought into the mix make such things impossible to implement at scale.
Once worked at a company where their onprem infra was a mix of mainframe, ibm / dell proprietary crap, Oracle vendor locked, and some rhel/centos servers. Of course some servers were on different versions of the OS. So it was impossible to setup a development environment to replicate issues.
For the most part, that’s why I still use docker for most jobs. Much easier to pull in the right image, configure app deployment declaratively, and reproduce the bug(s). I would say 90% of the time it was reproducible. Before docker/containerization it was much less than that and we had to reproduce in some non production environment that was shared amongst team.
I use a similar approach, but I went further by creating a system that compose like docker-compose would. The trick was to write my own nix function
mergeShells.https://her.esy.fun/posts/0024-replace-docker-compose-with-nix-shell/index.html
For now, I am pretty happy with it. Also, I put the init script inside nix-shell and not in external files and use exit signal to cleanup the state.
Thanks for sharing this! Added to my weekend inspiration/reading pile. 🙏
Related, this article talks about combining nix and direnv: https://determinate.systems/posts/nix-direnv
Using these tools you are able to load a reproducible environment (defined in a nix flake) by simply cding into a directory.
I’m surprised no one has mentioned either of the following solutions as alternatives to this explanation (and docker) that still uses Nix:
fleek anybody?, https://getfleek.dev/
and if you want setup per project, try: https://devenv.sh/, both are nix based
I know you won’t believe this, but you don’t need any of these GTOS (giant towers of shit) to write & ship code. “Replace one GTOS with another” is a horizontal move to still using a GTOS.
You can just install the dev tools you need, write code & libraries yourself, or maybe download one. If you don’t go crazy with the libraries, you can even tell a team “here’s the 2 or 3 things you need” and everyone does it themselves. I know Make is scary, with the mandatory tabs, but you can also just compile with a shell script.
Deployment is packing it up in a zip and unzipping it on your server.
Try to develop on a system that just has node16 3 different projects at the same time that each require different node versions. Nix rocks.
nvm
And now these need different GCC compilers. And building should be easy and reproducible.
If your app behaves differently based on the GCC version the same node version has been compiled, there’s a fuck-up in there.
No, I mean my app has a node and an C part, just AS an example. Could also be Java vor PHP.
ahh, I see. I guess you had to do a bit more work to ensure everything builds with the same versions.
Lot’s of (incorrect) assumptions here and generally a very poorly worded post that doesn’t make any attempt to engage in good faith. These are the reasons for what I believe is my very first down-vote of a comment on Lemmy.
You’re advocating switching to another OS with a complex package manager, to avoid using a package manager that’s basically a whole new OS. Giant Tower of Shit may be too generous for that.
But I was of course correct, I said you wouldn’t believe it.
nix does not need nixOS to run but is a complex package manager. At least for me, it doesn’t seem more complex than docker ecosystem.
I personally use nix to take care of downloading compatible dependencies in isolation for me. And the rest of the code is really, just basic script shell or Makefile too.
I also could add a fancy
mergeShellsfunction I have written in nix to support a docker-compose-like composition ofnix-shellfiles. But you could go a very long way with nix before you even want to do something like this.Tutorial != advocation. As I said, no attempt to engage in good faith.
What?
Sometimes you need complex tools for complex problems. We just have a homegrown GTOS at my work instead, I wish we had something that made as much sense as Nix!
