This actually worked! I’ve disabled the ‘Block connection without VPN’ and ‘Always-on VPN’ options and my phone is finally able to access other devices.

I’ve never tried this approach before as my computers were able to connect to each other even with kill switch enabled on both of them, making me assume the problem didn’t lie here, but you proved me otherwise.

I’m somewhat hesitant to leave the configuration like this, but I guess it’s worth it given the circumstances. Thank you very much for your advice!

Split tunneling is only available for paid plans. Free tier users can only choose between having their entire traffic go through the VPN or none at all.

I don’t mind being without split tunneling. My grudge lies in not being able to access other computers and their services on the same network.